What languages did Alexander speak?

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Any of these?TURKISH ENGLISH GREEK Macedonian: Aman For mercy's sake Aman Macedonian:Aman Bahce Garden Bahtses Macedonian:Bavcha,Gradina Biber Pepper Piperi Macedonian: Piper Cami Mosque Tzami Macedonian: Dzamija Cadir Tent Tsiantiri Macedonian: Shator Coban Shepherd Tsobanis Macedonian: Ovchar Darbuka Drum Ntarbuka Macedonian: Tapan Duzine Dozen Ntouzina Macedonian: Duzena Harita Map Hartis Macedonian: Karta,Mapa Irgat Agricultural worker Ergatis Macedonian: Argatin,Rabotnik(laboror) Kantar Balance Kantari Macedonian: Kantar (Palanza=scales) Kardes Brother Kardasis Macedonian: Brat Karga Crow, a bird Karga Macedonian: Chavka Karpuz Watermelon Karpuzi Macedonian: Lubenitsa Keci Goat Katsika Macedonian: Koza Kestane Chestnut Kastano Macedonian: Kosten Kibar Kind, gentle Kibaris Macedonian: GordKlefte Thief, theft Kleftis Macedonian: Aramija Kutu Box Kouti Macedonian: Kutija Leylek Stork Leleki Macedonian: Shtrk Misafir Guest Musafiris Macedonian: Ghostin Orman Forest Roumani Macedonian: Shuma Pabuc Shoe Papoutsi Macedonian: Chel Paskalya Easter Pashalia Macedonian: Veligden Pazar Market Pazari Macedonian: Pazar Semer Saddle Samari Macedonian: Sedlo Soy Relatives, ancestors Soi Macedonian: SojVaftiz To baptise Vaftisi Macedonian: Krshtava Yasemin Jasmine Yasemi Macedonian: Jasmin Zor Force, trouble, difficulty Zori Macedonian: Zort (exert) Zurna A wind instrument Zurnas Macedonian: Zurla

[The Light 7000]

...
HI,..BABEL=BABLA=SPEAKING IN NOT UNDERSTUNDIBLE MANNER
BEL=WHITE=SHINING
SHINAR=CHINAR...
................. PLEASE CONT.
THANKYOU- THE LIGHT 7000

[dean]

Koin+¬

[jona]

Plutarch mentions, in his description of the death of Clitus, confusion when an excited and drunk Alexander gives an order in Macedonian. The implication is that he spoke Macedonian and that orders were usually given in Greek.As I understand from the late professor Ruijgh, linguists are slowly developing a consensus on the subject of Macedonian languages that explains the inconsistencies that have made this such a nasty puzzle. It was a mistake to assume that the Macedonians spoke only one language. Like Belgians and Swiss, they were bilingual.In Philip's kingdom, two languages were spoken: Northwest Greek, now attested in a recently discovered inscription (I don't know which one and can no longer ask professor Ruijgh, who has recently passed away); and a Macedonian language that is close to ancient Phrygian and a bit less close to Greek.An example is the /ph/ in a Greek word. In Macedonian and Phrygian, this becomes /b/. So, the people called Phrygians by the Greeks, called themselves Brygians, and Alexander's father called himself Bilippos. Hephaestion's real name was Hebaistion.Personally, I would say that the consistent policy of hellenisation started by king Archelaus will have involved a linguistic element too, but there is no evidence for this hypothesis.Jona

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Hi Dean..the illustriuos illuminator )yes koine was put together as the "common language", that is what koine means in macedonian as well. But, he wasn't born speaking koine, so, any others?Koine is summed up here:The Koine language may have ancient words and letters that belonged to the ancient city states but it is not exclusively Greek. I don't believe the Greek language is exclusively Greek. Most of the letters in the Greek alphabet are borrowed from the Phoenician alphabet.The Koine language was created out of necessity by Alexander the Great. During Alexander's reign, there was no common or international language to bridge the needs for communication between the various cultures in his growing empire. Koine was born out of necessity. It may have begun as a Greek language but in time it evolved and took many foreign attributes. Those who understand Attic and Koine will tell you that the two are separate and distinctly different languages. The alphabets may have similarities but the vocabularies are not. Koine, at most, may contain 40% ancient Attic elements but the other 60% are foreign elements, mostly Macedonian.Hi Dr. Vasco, ok it's coming.best regards to site

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Latin-Macedonian
aboleo : to destroy, abolish, annul, do away with, obliterate.-bor..to fight(vor/war)admiratio : wonder, astonishment, surprise, admiration.- milGǪlikable admiror : to wonder at, admire, marvel at.-milaegrotatio egrotatio : sickness, illness.-grotaGǪto be pittiedapprobo : to approve GÇô prova...prove, pravo..upright/hold, straight, rightarbitro arbitror : to witness, bear witness / judge, arbitrate.- vidloGǪvisibleausterus : strict, rigid, stern GÇô austerraGǪto drive away/alongbalbutio : to stutter, stammer / speak obscurely.- barboti...bablingbellicus : martial, military, war-like. GÇôbela..warringbellum : war. bellus : beautiful, pretty, charming, handsome. GÇô belaGǪ.pure/whitecampana : bell.- kambanacarbo : carbonis : carbon, coal, charcoal.- zharrvo/zharr....coals/charcoal.......

[matz]

Far from a linguist myself, I will indulge in commenting on the subject.It is an interesting propsition that Macedonians were bilingual. Perhaps we underestimate the capability of the people to learn a second language even in relatively rudimentary circumstances. Nevertheless, my view is that, unless taught in a school or by a personal teacher, or perhaps a bilingual parent or a friend, it is very difficult for an individual to effectively learn a second language (presuming no TV). Again, not unless one is practising the second language being among people who are native speakers of that language. There is no reason why would someone who is among people that speak his/her language would speak another language among themselves. By the way, I am discussing ordinary people. Therefore, possible conclusions would be that Macedonians and Greeks lived together or at least frequently mixed (trade etc), or were somehow taught during their childhood or later. I can't see any other mechanism for learning a second language. It is difficult to imagine how either of these is likely to an extent that would make Macedonians bilingual. But I may be missing something.It would be really interesting to find out more about the recently discovered inscription. Do you know where was it found, or do you have any other info?"In Philip's kingdom, two languages were spoken: Northwest Greek, now attested in a recently discovered inscription (I don't know which one and can no longer ask professor Ruijgh, who has recently passed away); and a Macedonian language that is close to ancient Phrygian and a bit less close to Greek."Pity professor Ruijgh can not say how the ancient Phrygian (and Brygian) is "less close to Greek". Here is a link to my post on a book about the language of Burushaski who live in the Himalayas:http://www.pothos.org/archives/showmess ... =12869From all of the above a layman like myself got thoroughly confused. Brygian was a Indo-European language. Only about 40%(??) of Greek language vocabulary is of IE origin, and a great chunk of its proper names were not of IE origin. There are explanations that Greek was heavily influenced by pre-Helenic languages, which were presumably non-IE, but that is not the issue. The issue is how can a language which is distinctly IE be "less close to Greek" having in mind the above? Unfortunately it seems that we'll have to wait for the solution to this puzzle."An example is the /ph/ in a Greek wo

[matz]

"An example is the /ph/ in a Greek word. In Macedonian and Phrygian, this becomes /b/. So, the people called Phrygians by the Greeks, called themselves Brygians, and Alexander's father called himself Bilippos. Hephaestion's real name was Hebaistion"A. Donski said in an article that he has come across a word "phoinikos". If the above principle is applied then it transforms into "boinikos". Taking out the "os" it is "boinik". In modern Macedonian "boi" means "a fight". "voinik" means "a soldier".Cheers,

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almani/kermani/keltoi/germani -- Macedonian= ahmans = spirits--DUSHI= ai?ei, ai??au = mother--MAJKA= atgibans = taken captive--FATAN= au?ida = wilderness --DIVOTIAN= dagam = days--DEJNA= liuba = beloved--LUEBANA= mag = may--MOZH= manne = man--MASH= meina, meinai, meinana = my--MENE-MOJ= qam = came--DOJDE= qemun = come--DOJ KAJ ME= quemon = came--DOJDE KAJ MENE= skula = guilty--KRIV= swistrjus = sisters--SESTRA= ?iudangardjos = kingdom/promised land--DERZHAVJO= ?uk = you--TI= twalif = twelve--DVANAJCET(SP)= uta = out--NAUDVOR= waila = well--DOBRO=
=
=

[susan]

The inscription is described in
http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/news/ ... d=22287The marble stele with its incised text, an oath of reconciliation between two warring camps, and lavish finds of Macedonian warriorsGÇÖ funeral gifts are among significant discoveries made in Thessaloniki and Pella. The appointments of a group of tombs reveal gradations of status among the warrior caste. Some soldiers were buried with full panoply, others with just a knife and lance.
THESSALONIKI - New finds in Thessaloniki and Pella, which bear witness to political disputes, also provide information about the warrior caste in ancient Macedonia. A marble stele with an incised inscription of a reconciliation oath between two warring camps 2,400 years ago (witnessed and guaranteed by Perdikas III of Macedonia, the elder brother of Philip II, who ruled from 365 to 359 BC) gives new information which locates Dikaia, a colony of Eretria, in Aghia Paraskevi, Thessaloniki.
The inscription was found on a knoll known as Toumba Angeliki, as archaeologist Costas Simanidis of the first Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities told a symposium on GÇ£Macedonia from the Iron Age to the death of Philip IIGÇ¥ on October 14. The 150- line text includes five resolutions by the assembly of the deme, the terms of the reconciliation agreement between the two parties, and describes the oath the citizens of Dikaia had to make at the cityGÇÖs three most important temples.Also see:
http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/news/ ... 33279Susan

[THE LIGHT 7000]

YES, YOU CAN READ AS SUCH....,
KOINE+SE+PTUGINOSA= KOI+NE+SE+TUGINCI== TO THOSE WHO ARE NOT FOREGHNERS, =YES, TO THOSE WHO BELONGS TO MAKEDONIAN EMPIRE ONLY,... SO IT SHOULD BE READ= STATE LANGUAGE FOR MAKEDONIAN EMPIRE ONLY, THAT MEANS NOT STRICTLY MAKEDONIAN, WHICH ONE CAN FIND IN BYZANT TOO.... (MAKEDONIAN ESPERANTO), ...,... IN THIS CONTEXT, IN MAKEDONIAN VLACHS I.E. VLASI MEANS= THOSE IN GOVERNMENT, I.E., FROM FILIP AND LATER ALEXANDER, VLACHS HAD SPETIAL POSITIONS IN GOVENMENTS BODY, AND EVEN TODAY IN MAKEDONIA, SO VLASI=VLASTI=GOVERNMENT, IS GIFT FROM MAKEDONAINS TO VLACHS BECAUSE THEY WERE PART OF THE EMPIRE AND MAKEDONIAN NATION, YES MAKEDONIAN EMPIRE AND MAKEDONIAN NATION, AND GUESS WHAT- EVEN TODAY THE PRIME MINISTER OF MAKEDONIA IS VLACH, BUT HE IS SWORN TO MAKE-ODONIA..., PARADOX THAT COULD BE FIND TO WORK ONLY IN MAKEDONIA, BECAUSE MAKEDONIANS DO NOT BELIEVE IN THEM SELFS FOR SOME REASONS, .... AND ALEXANDER WAS RIGHT..., SO WE ARE GREAT NATION BECAUSE OF BELIVING IN OTHERS, THAT IS MAKEDONIAN MAGIC, MY INVINCIBLE AND MAGNIFICIENT MAKEDONIA,...
MORE TO COME..., JUST KEEP GOING, THANK YOU...THE LIGHT 7000

[alejandro]

Hi JonaGÇ£BilingualismGÇ¥ is an interesting hypothesis. I would appreciate if you could be more precise: do you mean that ALL Macedonians (or at least the majority of them) spoke both languages?My question relates to something I think could be important for the analysis of the relationship between ancient Macedonians and city-state dwellers. I claim (though I have no evidence to support it, so it is nothing but a GÇ£hunchGÇ¥) that only noble Macedonians were bilingual, but the rest spoke only Macedonian (Granted, your mentioning that orders appear to have been made in Greek rather than in Macedonian could weaken my argument. At the same time, I donGÇÖt think it is too far-fetched to assume that if nobles were assigned as commanders, orders were issued in their preferred language, i.e., Greek in this case).Do you think this is a viable possibility?That is, many times in this forum I heard about the GÇ£hellenizationGÇ¥ of Macedonia (around the times of Alexander I or II, I think). WouldnGÇÖt it be expected then that people that used to live there before the hellenization spoke their own language, and only those who were noble (or aspired to become noble) spoke Greek?Thanks for your comments.Alejandro

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stone
urdu - kane
Mak - kamen
fire
hini - ag
Mak - ogun
rice
urdu - wrije
Mak - orize
dog
hini - kuta
Mak - kuci
child
hindi - bacha
Mak - decha
older brother
hindi - bara bhai
Mak - postar brat
girl
urdu - jine
Mak - jena (woman)
day
hindi - din
Mak - den
month
urdu - miasht
Mak - mesich
dry
hindi - xushk
Mak - ushichi
long
urdu - ugud
Mak - dugo
right
hindi - dae
Mak - daesno
near
urdu - nizde
Mak - blizu
red
urdu - sur
Mak - servino (cervino)
two
urdu - dwa (ancient mak, too i think)
Mak - dva
four
hindi - char
Mak - chetiri
five
hindi - pach
urdu - pinza
Mak - phet
six
hindi - che
Mak ches
100
urdu - ek so
Mak shto
what
urdu - su
Mak - sho
to drink
hindi - pina
Mak - pije (piash)
to be thirsty
hindi - pias lagna
Mak - piash (to drink)
to lie
hindi - letna
Mak - legni
to fly
urdu - a-lwatal
Mak - letii (leita)
he
hindi - ov
Mak ovoi (him)
she
hindi - ov
Mak - ovo (her)
they
hindi - ov
Mak - ovie (these, them)

[THE LIGHT 7000]

TO MY FRIENDS......I can not understand why one is talking persistently about Helinisation of Makedonia and Greece i.e. Greek world, when something like that was not existent in that time, i.e. "Greece" is/ was phantom state established 1830 ad...It is like talking about Greece in the time of Jesus, and even in Bible... So how one can talk about Ivan the Terrible being Communist ...etc. Hundreds time repeated lie is true one day,... so do you pretend to talk true, or you want lie to became true!?! Why not start think differently, vice versa,...why..., when it is so obvious, with no intention to harm or to steal someone else identity or cultural heritage...Talking about Greece in the time of Alexander is absolute paradox and nonsense, and why Alexander would like to be "Greek" when this nation was established 1830 c.a.d.,-stupidity...??? And even there are some, maybe, interests, how one can explain to which, than- non existent tribal, lets say- city state, with the name "Greece", established in 1830 ad, Alexander and Fillip are/ were referring to:...., Athens, Sparta..., OK- lets find Greece...., no Greece,, like there was no Albania, no Yugoslavia.... so why you are dismissing everything else, like Albania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, etc, but not Greece, what is the problem ... I can not understand it... In that context saying that Makedonians were using GÇ£GreekGÇ¥ alphabet, when there was no Greek state and vice versa, is sorry, but if not mass hypnosis- than it is probably mass-schizophrenic way of thinking. Same is applying regarding the language, what kind of language is Greek, when there was no Greek state than, no common language etc. Makedonians were Makedonians and were close to Epirians etc., but Greece was 2300 years away, in the future. We all know what is STATE and KINGDOM, so to talk about it and to compared with Makedonia is pure nonsense for me, and that is nothing to do to deny Helens and their tribial formations, their cultural development, identity etc., but that is nothing to do with Makedonians, because Makedonia was there for more than 10 000 years before Alexander, and Makedonians were very well aware about E-TEMEN-ikiGǪ-=IS GÇôDARKGǪ, or BEL= WHITE, like PELA=BELA=WHITE, ETCGǪ., so lets find out how is possible one to find GÇ£GreekGÇ¥ letters in Tracia in the time of Filip and Alexander, when GÇ£GreeceGÇ¥ was not established yet, and Makedonian Kings were to occupy so called Helenic city statesGǪ, nonsense ha GǪ, well who will believe in such

[THE LIGHT 7000]

Makedonians were Makedonians and were close to Epirians etc., but Greece was 2300 years away, in the future. We all know what is STATE and KINGDOM, so to talk about it and to compared with Makedonia is pure nonsense for me, that is nothing to do to deny Helens and their tribial formations, their cultural development, identity etc., but that is nothing to do with Makedonians, because Makedonia was there for more than 10 000 years before Alexander, and Makedonians were very well aware about E-TEMEN-ikiGǪ-=IS GÇôDARKGǪ, or BEL= WHITE, like PELA=BELA=WHITE, ETCGǪ., so lets find out how is possible one to find GÇ£GreekGÇ¥ letters in Tracia in the time of Filip and Alexander, when GÇ£GreeceGÇ¥ was not established yet, and Makedonian Kings were to occupy so called Helenic city statesGǪ, nonsense ha GǪ, well who will believe in such . Again about being bilingual, why there is always peception that Makedonians were such and not vice versa, when even today in other languages you can find Makedonian words and expressions, like in Italian- mi di spiache= mi se plache, in terms of giving sympathy to one, or feno= seno=hay, etc, same in today Greek, Vlach etc. So why people are not talking about Makedonism but are talking Helinism, pure nonsense, lets think differently for a whileTHE LIGHT 7000